University Library > Turabian Style

Citing References: Turabian Style

Table of Contents:

This guide provides common examples of footnote (N) and corresponding bibliography (B) citations, from A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations 6th ed. by Kate L. Turabian, shelved at the Reference Desk (LB2369 .T8 1996). The Electronic Media examples were created for the guide, as the Manual does not adequately cover the Internet.

WARNING: Turabian recommends that the style shown here, footnotes and bibliographies, be used for works in the humanities, but that for the natural and social sciences, parenthetical references and reference lists should be used instead.

Citations to sources used for ideas and quotations should appear as footnotes in numerical order at the bottoms of pages or as endnotes at the end of the paper. Footnote or endnote numbers must correspond to the note numbers at the ends of the passages in the text to which they refer. The Arabic note numbers in the text should be superscripts, placed one half space above the line. The Arabic note numbers with the citations should be followed by a period and a space as shown below.

The first entry for a work is given completely: the author's full name (first name first), title, place, publisher, date, and specific page(s) or section from which concepts are taken. Subsequent references to the same work may be made in shortened form.

The source of descriptive information for a book should be its title page. The source for a journal's description should be its cover, table of contents page, and the article itself.

The bibliography should list the sources used in writing--not necessarily every work examined, but those found relevant. The entries should be arranged alphabetically by author's surname, and include full bibliographic detail: name(s) of author(s), full title of work, place, publisher, and date of publication.

Top of Page

Books

Examples of Cited Books

 

 

 

 

Two Authors

Footnote:

1. Walter E. Houghton and G. Robert Strange, Victorian Poetry and Poetics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 27.

Bibliography Entry:

Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.

Three Authors

Footnote:

2. Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), 93-95.

Bibliography Entry:

Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee. Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954.

More Than Three Authors

Footnote:

3. Jaroslav J. Pelikan et al., Religion and the University, York University Invitation Lecture Series (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964), 109.

Bibliography Entry:

Pelikan, Jaroslav J, William G. Pollard, Charles Moeller, Maurice N. Eisendrath, and Alexander Wittenberg. Religion and the University. York University Invitation Lecture Series. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964.

No Author Given

Footnote:

4. The Lottery (London: J. Watts, 1732), 20-25.

Bibliography Entry:

The Lottery. London: J. Watts, 1732.

Institution as Author

Footnote:

5. Special Libraries Association, Directory of Business and Financial Services (New York: Special Libraries Association, 1963), 21.

Bibliography Entry:

Special Libraries Association. Directory of Business and Financial Services. New York: Special Libraries Association, 1963.

Editor as Author (similar form used for compiler)

Footnote:

6. J. N. D. Anderson, ed., The World's Religions (London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1950), 143.

Bibliography Entry:

Anderson, J. N. D., ed. The World's Religions. London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1950.

Author's Work Translated or Edited by Another

Footnote:

7. Ivar Lissner, The Living Past, trans. J. Maxwell Brownjohn (New York: Putnam, 1957), 58.

Bibliography Entry:

Lissner, Ivar. The Living Past. Translated by J. Maxwell Brownjohn. New York: Putnam, 1957.

Separately Titled Volume in a Work with a General Title and Editor(s)

Footnote:

8. Gordon N. Ray, gen. ed., An Introduction to Literature (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1959), vol. 2, The Nature of Drama, by Hubert Hefner,47-49.

Bibliography Entry:

Ray, Gordon N., gen. ed. An Introduction to Literature. Vol. 2, The Nature of Drama, by Hubert Hefner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1959.

Edition Other than the First

Footnote:

9. W. R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 8th ed. (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1956), 62.

Bibliography Entry:

Shepherd, W. R. Historical Atlas. 8th ed. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1956.

Reprint Edition

Footnote:

10. Gunnar Myrdal, Population: A Problem for Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940; reprint, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1956), 9.

Bibliography Entry:

Myrdal, Gunnar. Population: A Problem for Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940; reprint, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1956.

Part by an Author in a Work by Another

Footnote:

11. Paul Tillich, "Being and Love," in Moral Principles of Action, ed. Ruth N. Anshen (New York: Harper & Bros., 1952), 663.

Bibliography Entry:

Tillich, Paul. "Being and Love." In Moral Principles of Action, ed. Ruth N. Anshen, 66172. New York: Harper & Bros., 1952.

Encyclopedia Articles

Footnote:

12. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., s.v. "Blake, William," by J. W. Comyns-Carr.

Bibliography Entry:

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. S.v. "Blake, William," by J. W. Comyns-Carr.

Secondary Source of Quotation

Footnote:

13. Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. 59, n. 41; quoted in (or "cited by") Archer Butler Hulbert, Portage Paths (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1903), 181.

Bibliography Entry:

Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. 59, n. 41. Quoted in Archer Butler Hulbert. Portage Paths, 181. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1903.

Top of Page

Reports

Examples of Cited Reports

 

 

Author Named

Footnote:

14. John H. Postley, Report on a Study of Behavioral Factors in Information Systems (Los Angeles: Hughes Dynamics, 1960), 15

Bibliography Entry:

Postley, John H. Report on a Study of Behavioral Factors in Information Systems. Los Angeles: Hughes Dynamics, 1960.

Unpublished Report or Thesis

Footnote:

15. O. C. Phillips, Jr., "The Influence of Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1962), 14.

Bibliography Entry:

Phillips, O. C., Jr. "The Influence of Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile." Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1962.

Footnote:

16. American Institute of Planners, Chicago Chapter, "Regional Shopping Centers Planning Symposium" (Chicago, 1942), 5, mimeographed.

Bibliography Entry:

American Institute of Planners, Chicago Chapter. "Regional Shopping Centers Planning Symposium." Chicago, 1942. Mimeographed.

Microform Reproduction such as an ERIC Document

Footnote:

17. Godwin C. Chu and Wilbur Schramm, "Learning from Television: What the Research Says," 1967, 3, EDRS, ED 014900, microfiche.

Bibliography Entry:

Chu, Godwin C., and Wilbur Schramm. "Learning from Television: What the Research Says." 1967. EDRS, ED 014900. Microfiche.

Government Documents

Footnote:

18. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., 8 January 1991, p. 6.

Bibliography Entry:

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf. 102nd Cong., 1st sess., 8 January 1991.

Top of Page

Periodical Articles

Examples of Cited Periodicals

 

 

Article in a Journal

Footnote:

19. Don Swanson, "Dialogue with a Catalogue," Library Quarterly 34 (December 1963): 115.

Bibliography Entry:

Swanson, Don. "Dialogue with a Catalogue." Library Quarterly 34 (December 1963): 113-25.

Article in a Magazine of General Interest

Footnote:

20. Barbara W. Tuchman, "If Asia Were Clay in the Hands of the West," Atlantic, September 1970, 72.

Bibliography Entry:

Tuchman, Barbara W. "If Asia Were Clay in the Hands of the West." Atlantic, September 1970, 68-84.

Newspaper Article

Footnote:

21. San Francisco Chronicle, 5 June 1971.

Bibliography Entry:

San Francisco Chronicle, 5 June 1971.

Footnote:

22. "Amazing Amazon Region," New York Times, 12 January 1969, sec. 4, p. E11.

Bibliography Entry:

"Amazing Amazon Region." New York Times, 12 January 1969, sec. 4, p. E11.

When the name of the newspaper does not include the name of the city, insert the place name before the newspaper title with the state in parentheses, all italicized or underlined. For foreign newspapers give the name of the city in parentheses after the title.

Footnote:

23. Palo Alto (California) Times, 19 November 1970.

Footnote:

24. Times (London), 6 June 1964.

Book Review

Footnote:

25. Dwight Frankfather, review of The Disabled State, by Deborah A. Stone, Social Service Review 59 (September 1985): 524.

Bibliography Entry:

Frankfather, Dwight. Review of The Disabled State, by Deborah A. Stone. Social Service Review 59 (September 1985): 523-25.

Top of Page

Electronic Media

Examples of Cited Online Media

 

 

Journal Article from Library Database

Footnote:

26. Tanya Pluth, "The One Imperative and the Portland YMCA," Journal of Women's History 15, no. 3 (2003): 210, Project Muse [database on-line], Johns Hopkins University Press, accessed 26 October 2005.

Bibliography Entry:

Pluth, Tanya. "The One Imperative and the Portland YMCA." Journal of Women's History 15, no. 3 (2003): 209-214. Project Muse [database on-line], Johns Hopkins University Press. Accessed 26 October 2005.

Document from Website

Footnote:

27. Edward P. Walton, "Civil War Letter," The Valley of the Shadow [Internet]; available from http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/civwarlett-browse?id=A0584; accessed 26 October 2005.

Bibliography Entry:

Walton, Edward P. "Civil War Letter." The Valley of the Shadow [Internet]. Available from http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/civwarlett-browse?id=A0584. Accessed 26 October 2005.

Entire Website

Footnote:

28. American Historical Association, American Historical Association: The Professional Association for All Historians [Internet]; available from http://www.historians.org/index.cfm; accessed 17 November 2005.

Bibliography Entry:

American Historical Association. American Historical Association: The Professional Association for All Historians [Internet]. Available from http://www.historians.org/index.cfm. Accessed 17 November 2005.

Top of Page

Shortened Note For Works Cited Earlier

When references to the same work follow each other without intervening references, "ibid." is used in the latter note.

Footnote:

29. Max Plowman, An Introduction to the Study of Blake (London: Gollancz, 1952), 31.

Footnote:

30. Ibid., 68.

If reference is to a book already cited in full but not in the reference immediately preceding, and only one work of the author has been used, then just the author's last name is needed.

Footnote:

31. Plowman, 125.

If two or more works of the same author have been cited, use the author's last name and brief title.

Footnote:

32. Plowman, Blake, 189.